Lending Ability Of Commercial Financial Institutions

together both the borrowers and the savers in an economy. This is because the banking and non-banking financial institutions accepts deposits or savings from individuals and business and thus creates a pool of funds in the process called credit creation. These funds will be given to borrowers in form of loans at some interest over a give period of time. Rà ¸dseth, A. (2000) stated that the lending ability of commercial financial institutions is controlled by the central bank which is in charge of regulating the amount of money that is circulation in the economy. To increase money circulating in the economy so as to achieve some macroeconomic goals, the central bank may reduce their leading rate (bank rate) and thus encourage the commercial banks to borrow more loans from the central bank and thus expand their lending capacity to the borrowers in the money market. According to Gwartney, J. D. (2009), the concept of loanable funds is defined as the amount of money that is available in the economy in form of savings and can be lent out to borrowers as investment rather than utilize for personal consumption. The loanable funds market is market that brings together both the borrowers and savers and also avail the money available in commercial banks and other leading institutions. The savers work in the loanable funds market by supplying the loanable funds through buying bonds and other securities and giving money to the issues of these securities. On the other hand, the borrowersShow MoreRelatedConsumer Financial Protection Bureau Oversight1512 Words   |  7 PagesSystem should be excluded from Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Oversight are as follows: a) System institutions have not and do not engage in risky behaviors that contributed to the financial crisis of the early 2000s; b) FCA borrower rights regulations that protect the borrower; and, c) System institutions have traditionally generated a limited number of consumer loans. Additionally, a primary factor in the financial crisis was unsustainable mortgage lending. Subprime mortgages increased fromRead MoreCommercial Loans Are Not Your Average Payday Loans1734 Words   |  7 PagesCommercial loans are not your average payday loans. People who seek commercial loans have a business plan in mind; from rental properties like condominiums or duplexes, office expansions or relocations, manufacturing facilities to a local sub or pizza place. Capital is needed and sometimes lots of it! Some Commercial lending institutions include: Small Business Association (SBA) - governmental business lending. Bank of America - touted to be the number one SBA (Small Business Association) lendingRead MoreFactors Hindering Financial Inclusion in Uganda: A Case Study of Kamuli District1618 Words   |  7 PagesFACTORS HINDERING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN UGANDA: A CASE STUDY OF KAMULI DISTRICT. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Uganda’s Vision 2040 highlights access to finance as one of the barriers among others that are affecting the competitiveness of the economy. Most individuals and firms access credit from informal sources. One of the reasons for the limited access to credit is the low level of domestic savings which affects the ability by institutions to offer long term finance. As suchRead MoreWholesale Funding, Bank Runs And Liquidity Freezes1592 Words   |  7 Pages Wholesale Funding, Bank Runs and Liquidity Freezes In the 2007/8 Financial Crisis Name Course Tutor University City/State Date Wholesale Funding, Bank Runs and Liquidity Freezes In the 2007/8 Financial Crisis Introduction Banks make loans which are not quickly sold at high price. The demand deposits by Banks issue allow their depositors to make withdraws at their convenience. Therefore a liquidity mismatch exists between a bank’s liabilities which are more liquid compared to the bank’sRead MoreMonetary and Fiscal Policy Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic growth, unemployment and the exchange rates. Different economies in the world experience varying economic difficulties demanding for varying solutions. The economic problems vary with the economical stability of the particular country and the ability to take adequate preventive measures. This has driven the economists to classify the monetary policies into different categories. Here are some of the types of monetary policy: Inflation targeting: This is a type of monetary policy whose primaryRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On Financial Institutions871 Words   |  4 PagesThe recent financial crisis has a huge impact on systemic Important Financial Institutions; it’s distressing effect can be felt in almost every business area and process of a bank. A fairly large literature investigates the impact of financial crisis on large, complex and interconnected banks. The great recession did affect banks in different ways, depending on the funding capability of each bank. Kapan and Minoiu (2013) find that banks that were ex ante more dependent on market funding and had lowerRead MoreDiscussion of the Main Reasons that have Resulted in the Bank Disintermediation 1340 Words   |  6 Pagesexpansion of financial sector encourages entrepreneurs to make investments in the real sector by promoting entrepreneurship. If disintermediation removes the majority of banks in a society, all the other areas stated above would be affected and this would affect the society a great deal. †¢ Access to Banking Capital: Lending has been mastered by Banks and disintermediation can limit access to banking capital and ability for Banks to lend thus reducing business available for commercial Banks to supportRead MoreExcessive Growth Of Credit And Asset Prices763 Words   |  4 PagesExcessive growth of credit and asset prices can pose serious risks to an economy which has a high degree of financial integration and openness. 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Subprime Mortgage Crisis Essay937 Words   |  4 Pagesto the late-2000s financial crisis, characterized by a rise in subprime mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures, and the resulting decline of securities backed by said mortgages. After U.S. housing sales prices peaked in mid-2006 and began their steep decline, refinancing became more difficult. As adjustable-rate mortgages began to reset at higher interest rates, mortgage delinquencies soared. Securities backed with mortgages, including subprime mortgages, widely held by financial firms, lost most

Xacc280 Financial Analysis - 1834 Words

Week 9 Final Assignment: Financial Analysis Korina Mitchell XACC280/Financial Accounting Concepts and Principles July 10, 2010 Tonya Brewer The Coca-Cola company has been in business since its inventor began selling it in drug stores in 1886 (The Coca-Cola Company, 2009). Pepsi-Cola was invented a short time later in 1898, but at the time it was called â€Å"Brad’s drink.† It was later renamed Pepsi-Cola in 1902 (Butler, 2006). Since those early days when the sodas were invented, Coca-Cola and Pepsi have been in competition with each other for the domination of the world’s soda market. Over the course of more than a century, sales have continued to rise for both companies, and they both consistently earn a profit. Both companies†¦show more content†¦This might make both of these companies more attractive to potential creditors and investors. Comparison of Solvency through Total Debt to Total Assets Calculations In addition to knowing the liquidity of the companies, investors may also want to know how solvent each of the companies will be for the long term. The quickest way to measure their solvency is to divide the companies’ total assets by their total liabilities. In the case of PepsiCo, their debt to asset percentage in 2004 was 51.68%, and in 2005 that number increased to 55.08%. Coca-Cola had a similar debt to asset percentage of 50.68% in 2004, and in 2005 their percentage was 55.57%. This means that both companies were competitive in this comparison, although both actually increased their debt percentage slightly. Neither of the two companies had a drastic change, however, so investors may only be mildly concerned with this difference. Additional information about the debt that was incurred might be requested for a potential investor to make an informed decision about which company would provide a be tter investment. Comparison of Retained Earnings through Vertical Analysis One last thing that investors might want to know about PepsiCo and Coca-Cola is what percentage of the income is being retained and reinvested in each company. This information is calculated by determining theShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis Xacc280 Final Project1784 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial Analysis/ Final Project XACC/280 Eden Lord Financial Analysis, Final Project Based upon my knowledge learned on financial reporting, I had compared to companies reporting statistics. The two companies in comparison are PepsiCo Incorperated and The Coca-Cola Company in which both have reported annual statistics for 2004 and 2005. During my comparison of net incomes, gross expenses, stock statistics, and assets accumulations, I have suggested some strategies for each business to take intoRead MoreXacc280 Week 9 Financial Analysis1923 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial Analysis Your Name Here XACC 280 Instructor’s Name Introduction: Pepsi Co. and Coca Cola, both are very well known multinational companies. They are so famous that they perhaps don’t need any introduction since almost everyone knows basic info about these companies and their widely used products. Both of these companies have been dealing in the production of flavored waters, plain drinking water and soft drinks for decades nowRead MoreHorizontal and Vertical Analysis1820 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial Analysis XACC280 June 28, 2012 Accounting is the way all companies keep track of their out-going and in-coming finances. Applying accounting principles in any business is incredibly important because it allows for the least amount of mistakes and gives a comprehensive view of all transactions. There are many tools used in accounting, each with it’s own unique function. Statements are used to show a specific time period’s overview of assets, liabilities, and all transactions

Professional Issue

Questions: A. Does this action violate property rights? B. Who is effected by Joes actions? C. Explain how they are effected? D. If you were in Joes position what would you do? E.Conduct research and explain how we could ascertain information on a website is authentic. Answers: A.No Joe does not violate any intellectual property rights because IP rights give three types of protection in Australia for computer programs that is copyright, patent and circuit layout [1]. Copyright copyright give protection for the code of the computer program, and protect the code from being copied. Patent- patent gives protect to that way through which the program makes computer work. Circuit layout rights- this gives protection to the design and layouts of the electronic circuit. In the present case Joe does not copy any code, way or design. Therefore he does not violate any IP rights [2]. B.Other students and his instructor are affected by the actions of Joe. Joe changes the time limit of his assignment and increases that limit which is not an ethical conduct. Conduct of Joe is not only unethical but its also against the rules. C.Students are affected because it is unfair with them that Joe gets extra time to complete its assignment, and it also affect the grades of Joe because due to more time limit Joe is able to complete his project in better way which is considered as cheating. In case of instructor Joe illegally operate the master account and increase the time limits of his project which results in breaking of rules. D.in case, if I am in Joe position I will never increase the time limit of the project, and try to complete my project within given time frame. What Joe did is not an ethical conduct. E.following are the ways through which we can ascertain whether information present on website is accurate or not: Accuracy- to determine the relevancy of information on website it is important to find who is operating the website. Such as websites operated by government agencies, universities, professional association, publisher, etc contains authentic information. Authority- for determining the authority of the website, it is important to check the information mention on the page about the author and any information related to other person who also contributes on the site. An authentic website always contains information related to contact of author. Objectivity- to determine the accuracy of website it is important to check whether the information is contributed by the same person or organization, and then check there is any reference for the content of information. Currency- it is important to check when the page was updated at last time, and also check whether website has any broken links. These things are the indications of an abandoned page. It is also important to check the number of new links appear on the website [3]. Coverage- to check whether website has covered complete information and compares the information on the other website also. Also compare the information mention on the website with books, journals, report etc. References- we can check the references present on the website for the information they provided [4]. Therefore after following the above steps we can check the accuracy of any website, and also information available on the internet sources. References: IP Australia. Patents for computer-related inventions. Available FTP: https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/understanding-patents/types-patents/what-can-be-patented/patents-computer-related. IP Australia. Types of IP. Available FTP: https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/understanding-ip/getting-started-with-ip/types-of-ip. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Library and Documentation Centre. Available FTP: https://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/1420.php. Milstin Undergraduate Liabrary. Evaluating Online Sources. Available FTP: https://library.columbia.edu/locations/undergraduate/evaluating_web.html.

The Arts Journal Critical Perspectives on Contemporary Essay Example For Students

The Arts Journal Critical Perspectives on Contemporary Essay While the text re-examines the British Slave Trade and the manner in which its victims have been portrayed in literature, the articles reviewed focus on the home of the changing images of African people. According to the Arts Forum, a review by Professor Selwyn H. H. Carination stated that these three articles including another represent images of how blacks save themselves at different times during slavery and the post-emancipation period focusing in particular on the effect Of texts, paintings, and films. The Art Journal presented these articles in honor of the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the trans-Atlantic Trade in captive Africans in order to provide a fresh Caribbean perspective on the events encompassing this dark spot in our history. Though each of the three articles reviewed approached it from a different slant each did so convincingly. Additionally, these articles give an in-depth analysis of aspects which may not be considered by the average person. We will write a custom essay on The Arts Journal Critical Perspectives on Contemporary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the first article entitled Visual Expressions of Slavery and Emancipation 1700-1834, Edith (Nancy) Jacobs posits that in the event of depicting art out of its relevant period, some historians reduce the value of it and that even now when society is supposed to be enlightened the artistic images of are not incorporated effectively to represent Caribbean history, She examines the importance of the placement of a variety tot printing techniques used to bombard the general with images of what they (Pro-slavery and abolitionists) wanted to portray. Jacobs concentrates on three major points in the depiction of slaves textually and visually. Firstly, she looks at those paintings commissioned by European patrons that generally portrayed the Blacks as subservient helpless people, who were more like household pets. Secondly, she examines those images distributed by the abolitionists that showed the Blacks in varying states of deprivation: food, clothing and being sold at auctions. Finally, she observes the evolution of the paintings now depicting the Black man as an educated man often shown reading the bible. However, she notes that none Of these truly portray the Black man and the rebellions that occur from 1791 prove this as it contradicted the initial perspective Of the Blacks as docile and helpless. Jacobs presents her argument systematically, tracing the changing perception of the Black man over the period 1700 to 1834. In particular, she addresses the relationship between the pictures depicted and the techniques of the printing devices of the time; an aspect that he average reader may not consider. Her attention to details such as the right side off photo being the weaker visual position upon which the Black man was inevitably placed in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth century in comparison to the opposite occurring in the late eighteenth century demonstrates her point that the media was used to influence the public. The second article by Jean Antoine-Dunne and Bruce Padding entitled Film Representations of the Abolitionist Movement, examines the responses of Caribbean filmmakers to the abolition Of the slave trade and the insurgences associated with it (p. 2). Their argument posits that the film industry is one of the most powerful methods Of communicating ideas and that it influences peoples perception of one another and their cultures. They look at abolition from a Caribbean perspective based on five important, yet not well-known films from the British, French and Spanish territories of the Caribbean. One of the central ideas permeating through the films is the idea of visually shocking the audience out off false historic narrative. They posit that the five films give a more accurate representation of slavery and the circumstances that surround its abolition in the Caribbean. .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c , .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c .postImageUrl , .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c , .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c:hover , .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c:visited , .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c:active { border:0!important; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c:active , .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf718ae88c2168bb75b1b050a9305913c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Goals EssayThey give enough details of the films to indicate to the reader their similarities and their differences. A general idea which permeates through them is the fact the very manner in which abolition is viewed may be colonial. This leads to the question raised at the beginning fifths course: is history the truth? Or is the truth different for each party, or even each individual involved? Ken Chicory5 Blackened Figures is the final article reviewed, Here he discusses the work of Trinitarian painter Carlisle Harris in the t,eventide century. Harris sees the human body in an abstract form to represent the self as an ever changing, ever improving figure. He makes full use of the African dancing male as a symbol of the triumphant return to humanity in a land abused by colonialism. His experience with the American Civil Rights movement leads to him being a symbol in representing the powerful forces Of African history and culture in the Caribbean (101). He reiterates an idea stated by Jacobs found in the technique of Harris paintings Which he uses to show to the opposite is true; blackness is associated with the corrupt and even evil . Harris paintings are also filled with motion especially dancing that truly represents the rhythm of Caribbean people. Dance is a part of everyones routine; whether one takes it as dancing to ones own tune or anothers. Considering that I am not a student of history per SE. I would say that this journal was very informative. It was not written in a such a way as to make its reading tedious and thus held my interest. Have been introduced to concepts that certainly bear contemplation, as it was not considered before. However, would have liked to have read more about womens contribution to the comment.

Top 5 Reasons Why You DIdnt Get Hired

Top 5 Reasons Why You DIdnt Get Hired Want to know some red flags that will make hiring managers toss your resume to the bottom of the pile? Tim Sackett over at Eremedia offers these 5 dealbreakers- if you see one you recognize in yourself, make a quick fix before you enter  the job market. 1. Messy personal organizationIf a hiring manager  asks you for a copy of your  resume and you  reach into your  briefcase or portfolio (or pocket) and pull out anything crumpled, ripped or otherwise falling apart, it’s a safe inference that your organizational skills and priorities aren’t up to par.2. A troubling social media presenceIf your  social media presence features statements that would reflect poorly on a company or seem to indicate prejudice of any kind, you will more than likely be given  a hard pass.3. Disinterested interview mannersIf you  can’t even muster up enough enthusiasm to interview with some personality, what makes a manager  think you’ll bring your A-game to a regul ar dreary Tuesday?4. Fixation on an ex-employerWhile it’s just as bad to be shifty and mealy-mouthed about your  last employer, if you go on and on about  how your  last job was amazing, someone across the table is likely to be thinking, â€Å"So why are you interviewing with us†5. Bad manners to service employeesIf  you’re  snotty to a  receptionist or unleash a tirade on the barista, you’re likely to be shown the door. An inability to be a good customer speaks volumes about your ability to be a good employee, a good representative of a company, and probably a good person, too.Are you on Mobile? Click here to sign in to your account.  Five Clear Signs You Really Shouldn’t Make That Job Offer  Read More at www.eremedia.com

Crystal Definition, Examples, and Common Types

Crystal Definition, Examples, and Common Types A crystal consists of matter that is formed from an ordered arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions. The lattice that forms extends out in three-dimensions. Because there are repeated units, crystals have recognizable structures. Large crystals display flat regions (faces) and well-defined angles. Crystals with obvious flat faces are called euhedral crystals, while those lacking defined faces are called anhedral crystals. Crystals consisting of ordered arrays of atoms that arent always periodic are called quasicrystals. The word crystal comes from the Ancient Greek word krustallos, which means both rock crystal and ice. The scientific study of crystals is called crystallography. Examples of Crystals Examples of everyday materials you encounter as crystals are table salt (sodium chloride or halite crystals), sugar (sucrose), and snowflakes. Many gemstones are crystals, including quartz and diamond. There are also many materials that resemble crystals but are actually polycrystals. Polycrystals form when microscopic crystals fuse together to form a solid. These materials do not consist of ordered lattices. Examples of polycrystals include ice, many metal samples, and ceramics. Even less structure is displayed by amorphous solids, which have disordered internal structure. An example of an amorphous solid is glass, which may resemble a crystal when faceted, yet isnt one. Chemical Bonds in Crystals The types of chemical bonds formed between atoms or groups of atoms in crystals depend on their size and electronegativity. There are four categories of crystals as grouped by their bonding: Covalent Crystals - Atoms in covalent crystals are linked by covalent bonds. Pure nonmetals form covalent crystals (e.g., diamond) as do covalent compounds (e.g., zinc sulfide).Molecular Crystals - Entire molecules are bonded to each other in an organized manner. A good example is a sugar crystal, which contains sucrose molecules.Metallic Crystals - Metals often form metallic crystals, where some of the valence electrons are free to move throughout the lattice. Iron, for example, can form different metallic crystals.Ionic Crystals - Electrostatic forces form ionic bonds. A classic example is a halite or salt crystal. Crystal Lattices There are seven systems of crystal structures, which are also called  lattices  or space lattices: Cubic or Isometric - This shape includes octahedrons and dodecahedrons as well as cubes.Tetragonal - These crystals form prisms and double pyramids. The structure is like a cubic crystal, except one axis is longer than the other.Orthorhombic - These are rhombic prisms and dipyramids that resemble tetragons but without square cross-sections.Hexagonal - Six-sided prisms with a hexagon cross section.Trigonal - These crystals have a 3-fold axis.Triclinic - Triclinic crystals tend not to be symmetrical.Monoclinic - These crystals resemble skewed tetragonal shapes. Lattices may have one lattice point per cell or more than one, yielding a total of 14 Bravais crystal lattice types. Bravais lattices, named for physicist and crystallographer Auguste Bravais, describe the three-dimensional array made by a set of discrete points. A substance may form more than one crystal lattice. For example, water can form hexagonal ice (such as snowflakes), cubic ice, and rhombohedral ice. It can also form amorphous ice. Carbon can form diamond (cubic lattice) and graphite (hexagonal lattice). How Crystals Form The process of forming a crystal is called crystallization. Crystallization commonly occurs when a solid crystal grows from a liquid or solution. As a hot solution cools or a saturated solution evaporates, particles draw close enough for chemical bonds to form. Crystals can also form from deposition directly from the gas phase. Liquid crystals possess particles oriented in an organized manner, like solid crystals, yet able to flow.

Business Ethics- Cosmetic Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Ethics- Cosmetic Industry - Essay Example Though this industry is continually growing at leaps and bounds, it is though wrought with a wide array of ethical issues from sourcing of cosmetic ingredients to testing of the cosmetic products to determine safety to the marketing of such products and services (Betton 7-9). The essence of ethics is all about determining the rightness or wrongness of certain human actions, and the number of ethical controversies that plague the cosmetic industry have tremendous moral, environment, social, legal, and health implications to the stakeholders involved (Skov 3). This paper analyses the business ethics of the cosmetic industry with a focus on make-up industry globally. Brief Overview of the make-up cosmetics Industry The make-up industry is the one of largest segment within the cosmetics industry after skin care and fragrances, and mainly consists of face make-up, lip make-up, eye make-up and nail make-up. For the year 2010, the global market generated sales worth $34.5 billion and growin g at 4.2% compounded annual growth rate over the period 2006-2010. This growth is as depicted in figure 1. With most of the world economy still in recovery, the growth rate over the period 2010-2015 has been projected to be at 4.1% annually with the market value projected to rise to $42.2 billion by the end of 2015 (Datamonitor 9). Figure1: Global make-up Market Value, Source: Datamonitor, 2011, pp. 10 The highest growing markets are the markets in the Americas and Asia Pacific with these markets exhibiting a 4.3% and 4% growth rate respectively (Datamonitor 9). The biggest consumer of make-up cosmetic products though is Europe accounting for 41.2% of the global market value followed by t he Americas which account 30.5% of the global make-up market, Asia-Pacific 25.7% and Africa and the Middle east at 2.5% (Global insight 1; Datamonitor 13). The leading player globally is L’Oreal followed by Proctor & Gamble and Estee Lauder Companies as shown below in figure 2: Figure2: Glob al Make-up market share. Source: Datamonitor, 2011, pp.14 With most cosmetics companies increasingly claiming to produce their make-up products in the most ethical manner, ethical considerations impacting the industry have increasingly become issues to contend with. Key ethical issues within the industry The ethicality of an issue is mainly determined by how right or wrong an issue or action is. There are a number of ethical issues faced by cosmetic industry, and in specific the make-up industry. These include testing of products on animals, misleading advertisements concerning the performance of the cosmetic products, inclusion of harmful ingredients into the cosmetic products, unethical alliances between academic institutions and professional dermatologists with cosmetic companies to endorse the use of the company’s products purporting them to be scientifically proven as safe and with high efficacy, and unethical sourcing of products ingredients (Betton; The Environmental A ssociation for universities and Colleges; Hussain & Yamaguchi). These ethical issues have plagued the cosmetic industry with most cosmetic industries which claim to be ethical mainly showing that they source their raw materials ethically following fair trade policies and that they do not use animal testing for their products. Most cosmetic companies have at some point tested their cosmetic products on animal

Advanced manufacturing technologies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Advanced manufacturing technologies - Article Example Due to increased advancement in technology in various fields such as electronics, and medicine among others manufacturing engineers have advanced their techniques to cater for increasing demand in these other fields of technology.The complexities in manufacturing of parts required by the technologists in specialties such as medicine has necessitated development of various advanced manufacturing techniques. This paper seeks to outline Layered Manufacturing Technology (LM), Rapid Prototyping (RP) and other techniques used in advanced manufacturing technology in details. It will also establish the correlation between the technology and medicine; that is the use of the technology in manufacture of implants. Lastly the paper will discuss the details of reverse engineering technology as applied in Computer Aided Design (CAD).Advanced manufacturing technology is aspect of advancement in manufacturing technology that enables development of composites and composite materials that are benefici al to manufactures in the market. On the other hand it enhances productivity, efficiency and excellent quality of products manufactured. There are various aspects in the place of advanced manufacturing technology, which include Layered Manufacturing Technology, Computer Numerical Control among others.The Layered manufacturing technology has proved to be very diverse and in application and more so in the field of medicine. This technology though easy to implement since it does not require he contemporary tools needs a very skilled and knowledgeable know-how to implement if the desired results have to be obtained. This technology constitutes of various techniques that include Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Layered Manufacturing Technology Layered manufacturing technology (LM) can be defined as production of solid materials in laminated form. This technology of material production can be carried out using various methods but all of them apply the same idea of principle. In the process of manufacture the three-dimension design of the object to be produced should be well described with respect to its dimension. This is then formatted to give the slice; that is the layers in terms of their definite size and numbers so that they can be assembled together to form the solid material wanted. They are several technologies that are applicable in combination of the said layers or slices in this technology to come up with a solid object, thus this technology is perceived as construction of a definite solid shape from individual building units of given size. This technology as described, has some positive aspects to the technologists employing them; that is It makes the tools, moulds or dies usage not necessary. On the other hand the technologist can easily manipulate the quality of the surface finish of the object being manufactured Although the limitation to this technology is that the rate of manufacturing objects is slower than other methods of manufacturing which uses tools, moulds or dies and depends on the method used. This method of manufacturing in perception of the basic principle can be related to the following manufacturing methods. The layers are like bricks used by masons in constructions of objects of different required shapes. Clay threads layered together to form walls that will produce an object of required shape and size in pottery. Use of slices in expressing three-dimensional landscape in cartography. The big difference between layered manufacturing technology and above practices is that the units used in t LM technology are considerably very small to the tune of 10-100 microns. LM technology was developed from Rapid Prototyping (RP) technology, which involves high-speed production of patterns that are hard to produce using

Effects of Teen Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Effects of Teen Pregnancy Essay A child is like the icing on top of a cake, a finishing touch to a married couples journey on earth together. If perfectly planned and periodically monitored, a womans pregnancy will be one of the most unforgettable experiences she will ever have. To be able to carry out a safe pregnancy, the ideal age to get impregnated is from the early twenties to the early thirties. This is the time the female reproductive system is fully developed and mature enough to handle multiple activities such as the fertilization of an egg, the carrying of a fertilized egg to fetal maturity, and the nurturing of the newborn by means of milk production (Bullock 1087). Also, if the woman is psychologically ready and wanting to have a child, she will not have a hard time going through the process because of acceptance of the situation, support of the family around her and if married, the spouse’s longing to have a child with her. Unfortunately this is not always the case. The adolescent stage is the period during which the person becomes physically and psychologically mature and acquires a personal identity, from twelve to eighteen years of age (Kozier 385). The establishment of an identity is the psychosocial task of an adolescent according to Erik Eriksons Psychosocial Developmental Theory. Failure to establish an identity will lead to role confusion (Kozier 387). Role confusion poses a threat to the teenager’s social wellbeing. The teenager maybe at a loss as to what her role in society might be or what career path she would take and if she will even go to college. Adolescents are almost always experiencing a roller coaster of emotions in their search for an identity. They tend to look for people with similar preferences and would not want to be seen with other people who do not share the same characteristics as they have, they begin to idolize a person and want to be just like him or her, they become rebellious, they demonstrate forbidden behaviors, they seek attention and admiration from the opposite sex and choose their career paths. Because of the physical changers that are happening to their bodies, they tend to be curious and experimental with these changes. Adolescents are sexually active and may engage in masturbation as well as heterosexual and homosexual activity(Kozier 387). Statistics show that more than 800,000 teens get pregnant each year which places the United States as one of the highest among industrialized countries (Teen Pregnancy: Reality Check). As to why this happens, people can only speculate and come up with studies, surveys and interview. There are however identified risk factors for teenage pregnancy. These include: family situations with regular conflict between members, violence and sexual abuse in childhood, unstable housing arrangements, poor school performance, poor school attendance, low socioeconomic background, family history of teenage pregnancies, low maternal education, fathers absence, low self-esteem, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander and living in rural and remote areas (Teenage pregnancy some facts). Dealing with adolescent pregnancy does not only have serious physical effect, but psychological as well. The adolescent is at risk for PIH, iron deficiency anemia, preterm delivery, and cephalopelvic disproportion because her own physical growth maybe inadequate to support the growth and delivery of the fetus. PIH or pregnancy induced hypertension is the second leading cause of maternal death in the United States. This illness is a combination of hypertension, edema and proteinuria during pregnancy (Bullock 93). Iron deficiency anemia or IDA occurs when there is a considerable lower than normal amount of Iron in the blood. Iron is needed by the blood in order to effectively transport oxygen to various parts of the body. Fortunately this can be easily corrected by taking oral supplements of Iron as prescribed by the doctor (Bullock 356). Preterm delivery, which is 36 weeks of gestation or life inside the womans womb, is a serious threat for both the fetus and the mother. The normal term is 37 weeks to 40 weeks and less that that the fetus will not be mature enough to live outside the mothers uterus. The pregnant adolescents nutrition may not also be adequate enough, resulting to malnutrition. Prenatal care may also be delayed because the teenager maybe in denial, hence the fetus might not be well taken care of resulting to deficiencies and fetal abnormalities. As for the infant, he or she is susceptible to having lower birth weights, increased infant mortality, increased risk of hospital admission in early childhood, less supportive environments, poorer cognitive development, and if female, a higher risk of becoming pregnant during the adolescent period, as compared to infants born of older women (Teenage pregnancy: trends). Psychologically, a teenager is prone to postnatal depression compared to older women. Reasons for this include societal attitudes, lack of support from family and isolation, and financial pressures (Teenage pregnancy implications). There is also a tendency for the teenage mother to be abandoned by their male partners, especially during birth. Being alone in a very hard process can sometimes be the hardest thing that teenage mothers go through. Not only are their partners abandoning them, but the stigma attached to teenage pregnancy also affects the family of the teenager. There seems to be feelings of alienation from the teenagers family. All of these may add up resulting to more negative feelings towards oneself, more questioning of identity hence role confusion, wasted dreams and impossibility of going back to her education. All the emotional stress may even lead to a mental illness. Efforts are being made to lower the number of teen pregnancies. A number of organizations have been established and there are even pregnancy prevention programs for males. Education maybe the key, with these programs discussing the consequences of early sexual activities like unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Contraception is strongly advocated, even sex education has been really pushed through, and sexual abstinence until marriage has been a strong banner for these programs. The family physicians or any health care personnels role is also significant. They will be able to explain and elaborate more on the nature of the consequences of sexually transmitted diseases and early pregnancy to teens. In fact, in a study entitled, Explaining Recent Declines in Adolescent Pregnancy in the United States: The Contribution of Abstinence and Improved Contraceptive Use it showed how much the pregnancy rates declined over the past 7 years. Improvements in contraceptive use included increases in the use of condoms, birth control pills, withdrawal, and multiple methods and a decline in nonuse. The overall pregnancy risk index declined 38%, with 86% of the decline attributable to improved contraceptive use. Among adolescents aged 15 to 17 years, 77% of the decline in pregnancy risk was attributable to improved contraceptive use was the result of the study by John S. Santelli, MD, MPH, Laura Duberstein Lindberg, PhD, Lawrence B.  Finer, PhD and Susheela Singh, PhD. Sharing intimacy with another person is always a personal choice. But the responsibilities that come with it are not. The freedom of having a choice comes with a price, the burden of being unprepared to raise your own child. And everything else you pick up the broken pieces after that. It matters how much strength and courage you have, how much you can carry alone. But it is important to know that life does not end when hardships begin, it’s just begun.

The Physics of Volleyball Essay -- Sports Athletics Essays

The Physics of o Volleyball From six thirty one morning to three O’ clock the next morning was my longest volleyball day ever. Fourteen and a half hours of play with only 3 breaks for food, makes for an exhausting event. So what makes volleyball worth such a sacrifice? It is the endless possibilities and outcomes that can occur by playing this magnificent sport and challenging the basic laws of physics. In the sport of volleyball the same thing never happens twice. Things may seem similar but there are always slight differences. The differences are caused by trying to manipulate those ever so important laws of physics. Volleyball is the constant confirmation of Newton’s first Law. Every object remains at rest or in motion in a strait line at a constant speed unless acted on by an unbalanced force(P.31). The unbalanced forces that the team members try to manipulate are what make volleyball so interesting. The goal in volleyball is to keep a ball in legally in motion for your team, while trying to force the opponent to fail at keeping the ball in motion. There a few basic possible ways of legally contacting the ball: serving, passing, setting, hitting, and blocking. Each is unique and yet similar. The contact between the player and ball forces a â€Å"collision† and different laws of physics explain the actions or reactions of these collisions. This is what makes volleyball so exciting. One type of contact is a serve. To serve a player must be standing behind the end line and hit the ball over the net. The player tosses the ball into the air with one hand, and forces the ball over the net by hitting it with the other hand. A serve is required to start the game and is repeated after each play. So, after the ball... ...ts collide into each other and make the total kinetic energy decrease where the objects move in separate directions. In the game of volleyball the laws of physics are evident in most of these different types of collisions. Trying to manipulate objects to challenge these laws is what brings the spice and flavor into the game. Physics might be a hard subject but it can explain what makes this sport worthwhile. Works Cited Farnsworth, Debbie. Century High School volleyball coach. Personal interview. April 30, 2003. Gozansky, Sue . Volleyball Coach's Survival Guide. Paramus, NJ Parker Publishing Company, 2001. Kirkpatrick,Larry D. & Wheeler,Gerald F. A world view. Physics textbook. Copyright 2001,1998,1995,1992 by Harcourt Inc. Tingey, Allison . The Physics of Volleyball. Online. Goggle.1995. Nov. 2002. http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/trobinso/

Declaration of Independence vs. Gettysburg Address Essay

The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address are glimpses into America’s history. They were written in two different time periods: America’s first years in 1776 and the Civil War in the 1800’s. Despite their time gap, they are similar because they both explain to the reader what is going on during their time period. However, the country was going through different events and so these two documents are diverse as well. Both The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address were written during times of turmoil and change for the country. Both occurred during a time of war in which America was fighting for liberty and freedoms. During the Revolutionary War, the United States was trying to become â€Å"a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal†. It was battling for independence and the right to govern them in a way that would actually benefit the country and its people. So in 1776 when The Declaration of Independence was written, the country fought for freedom for themselves. During the Civil War, the country was divided in two, one half of the country fighting against the other half. They were independent as a country, but this time they were fighting for freedom for others—the African-American slaves. In a way though, America was fighting for equality both times. The first was equal treatment for the British citizens and American colonists. The second time, the country was fighting for equal treatment for all men, no matter what skin color. Both these eras were a time of testing for the United States. The Revolutionary War period determined whether the states would actually be able to achieve independence. The Civil War was a test to see if America would be able to keep that independence. President Abraham Lincoln spoke about this in his Gettysburg Address: â€Å"we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure†. These two documents are similar because they are both written about a time of battle which tested America’s strength. The Declaration of Independence and Gettysburg Address are different for several reasons. For one, The Declaration of Independence is a statement while the Gettysburg Address was a speech. The authors were also targeting different audiences. The Declaration of Independence was written mostly for themselves, but also for the British government. The Declaration stated the sentiments of the thirteen colonies and â€Å"the causes which impel them to the separation†. This clarified where the people stood in regards to their independence. This was for the benefit and organization of the country, but also for the British to know that the Americans were not giving up on independence. The Gettysburg Address was a speech given by President Abraham Lincoln to the people of America. The Civil War was not an international conflict, but rather one inside the nation. The speech was aimed for encouraging and touching the hearts of the American people. Lincoln wanted them to not give up on the cause they were fighting for, but â€Å"to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us†. In the Gettysburg Address, the president was appealing to the people’s emotions in order to boost their war effort. This is another difference it has with The Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence appealed to the British government about rights that the people ought to have. The tone of the Gettysburg Address is more personal since Lincoln’s goal was to encourage the people. Lincoln achieves a personal tone by speaking about the brave men who fought in the recent battle. The Declaration of Independence, on the other hand, was written as a political document with a formal tone. It lists the main reasons why the people were demanding independence, which were mostly due to Great Britain’s offenses against the colonies. The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address are very distinct because they were appealing to different audiences and written in different tones. The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address have several similarities and differences. Although they were written during different time periods, they both fight for liberty, freedom, and equality. However, the two documents, one a statement and the other a letter, were targeted at different audiences. This results in differing tones. One thing similar, both documents were written with a courage and passion for the goal it was fighting for.

Education and Mark Twain Tags

â€Å"Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. †Ã‚   ? Mahatma Gandhi tags:  carpe-diem,  education,  inspirational,  learning 38,294 people liked it like â€Å"I have never let my schooling interfere with my education. †Ã‚   ? Mark Twain tags:  education 11,482 people liked it like â€Å"You can never be overdressed or overeducated. † ?  Oscar Wilde tags:  education,  fashion 6,803 people liked it like â€Å"You educate a man; you educate a man. You educate a woman; you educate a generation. †Ã‚   ? Brigham Young tags:  education,  feminism,  men,  women 3,833 people liked it like â€Å"The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page.    ? Augustine of Hippo tags:  allegory,  books,  broad-mindedness,  classic,  education,  imagery,  travel,  world 3,650 people liked it like â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. â⠂¬ Ã‚   ? Nelson Mandela tags:  change,  education 2,344 people liked it like â€Å"Whatever the cost of our libraries, the price is cheap compared to that of an ignorant nation. †Ã‚   ? Walter Cronkite tags:  education,  ignorance,  intelligence,  libraries 2,006 people liked it like â€Å"Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence.    ? Robert Frost tags:  education 1,846 people liked it like â€Å"When you know better you do better. † ?  Maya Angelou tags:  education,  intelligence,  knowledge,  wisdom 1,709 people liked it like â€Å"The past has no power over the present moment. † ?  Eckhart Tolle tags:  education,  inspirational,  life,  philosophy,  truth,  wisdom 1,564 people liked it like â€Å"Education: the path from cocky ignorance to miserable uncertainty. †Ã‚   ? Mark Twain tags:  education 1,267 people liked it like â€Å"Intelligence plus character-that is the goal of true education. †Ã‚   ? Martin Luther King, Jr. tags:  education ,160 people liked it like â€Å"The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles, but to irrigate deserts. †Ã‚   ? C. S. Lewis tags:  education 1,111 people liked it like â€Å"The best thing for being sad,† replied Merlin, beginning to puff and blow, â€Å"is to learn something. That's the only thing that never fails. You may grow old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, you may miss your only love, you may see the world about you devastated by evil lunatics, or know your honour trampled in the sewers of baser minds.There is only one thing for it then — to learn. Learn why the world wags and what wags it. That is the only thing which the mind can never exhaust, never alienate, never be tortured by, never fear or distrust, and never dream of regretting. Learning is the only thing for you. Look what a lot of things there are to learn. †Ã‚   ? T. H. White,  The Once and Future King tags:  curiosity,  depression,  education,  learning,  teaching 1,045 people liked it like â€Å"If you want to get laid, go to college. If you want an education, go to the library. †Ã‚   ? Frank Zappa tags:  education,  sex 1,013 people liked it ike â€Å"Give a girl an education and introduce her properly into the world, and ten to one but she has the means of settling well, without further expense to anybody. †Ã‚   ? Jane Austen tags:  education,  women 980 people liked it like â€Å"Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a more clever devil. †Ã‚   ? C. S. Lewis tags:  character-development,  education,  ethics 834 people liked it like â€Å"Eragon looked back at him, confused. â€Å"I don't understand. † â€Å"Of course you don't,† said Brom impatiently. â€Å"That's why I'm teac hing you and not the other way around. †Ã‚   ?Christopher Paolini,  Eragon tags:  education,  humor 828 people liked it like â€Å"I am not a teacher, but an awakener. † ?  Robert Frost tags:  carpe-diem,  education,  inspirational,  learning,  mentoring 819 people liked it like â€Å"In real life, I assure you, there is no such thing as algebra. †Ã‚   ? Fran Lebowitz tags:  algebra,  education,  humor,  mathematics 775 people liked it like â€Å"[Kids] don't remember what you try to teach them. They remember what you are. †Ã‚   ? Jim Henson,  It's Not Easy Being Green: And Other Things to Consider tags:  childhood,  education,  learning,  teaching 773 people liked it like Ideally, what should be said to every child, repeatedly, throughout his or her school life is something like this: ‘You are in the process of being indoctrinated. We have not yet evolved a system of education that is not a system of indoctrinatio n. We are sorry, but it is the best we can do. What you are being taught here is an amalgam of current prejudice and the choices of this particular culture. The slightest look at history will show how impermanent these must be. You are being taught by people who have been able to accommodate themselves to a regime of thought laid down by their predecessors.It is a self-perpetuating system. Those of you who are more robust and individual than others will be encouraged to leave and find ways of educating yourself — educating your own judgements. Those that stay must remember, always, and all the time, that they are being moulded and patterned to fit into the narrow and particular needs of this particular society. †Ã‚   ? Doris Lessing,  The Golden Notebook tags:  conformity,  education,  feminism,  knowledge-power,  quip,  school 740 people liked it like â€Å"Study without desire spoils the memory, and it retains nothing that it takes in. †Ã‚   ? Leo nardo da Vinci ags:  education,  schooling,  university 734 people liked it like â€Å"Prejudices, it is well known, are most difficult to eradicate from the heart whose soil has never been loosened or fertilised by education: they grow there, firm as weeds among stones. †Ã‚   ? Charlotte Bronte,  Jane Eyre tags:  education,  prejudice 700 people liked it like â€Å"The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled. †Ã‚   ? Plutarch tags:  curiosity,  education,  mentoring,  mind,  thinking 669 people liked it like â€Å"Without education, we are in a horrible and deadly danger of taking educated people seriously. †Ã‚   ? G. K.Chesterton tags:  education,  ignorance,  indoctrination 667 people liked it like â€Å"Often, it’s not about becoming a new person, but becoming the person you were meant to be, and already are, but don’t know how to be. †Ã‚   ? Heath L. Buckmaster,  Box of Hair: A Fairy Tal e tags:  education,  growth,  life,  self-acceptance,  self-realization 664 people liked it like â€Å"You know, sometimes kids get bad grades in school because the class moves too slow for them. Einstein got D's in school. Well guess what, I get F's!!! †Ã‚   ? Bill Watterson tags:  calvin-and-hobbes,  comic,  education,  funny,  school 662 people liked it like The educated differ from the uneducated as much as the living differ from the dead. †Ã‚   ? Aristotle tags:  education 625 people liked it like â€Å"Try not to have a good time†¦ this is supposed to be educational. †Ã‚   ? Charles M. Schulz tags:  education,  humor 589 people liked it like * Home * Authors * Topics * Quote of the Day * Pictures * Top of Form Bottom of Form Authors:  A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z ————————â €”———————- Education Quotes * Grid  List * * Prev * 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * .. * 40 * Next * Share220309 Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.Nelson Mandela Change,  Powerful,  Weapon It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it. Aristotle Mind,  Without,  Thought A liberal education is at the heart of a civil society, and at the heart of a liberal education is the act of teaching. A. Bartlett Giamatti Society,  Heart,  Act An education isn't how much you have committed to memory, or even how much you know. It's being able to differentiate between what you know and what you don't. Anatole France Between,  Able,  Memory My mother said I must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of lliteracy. That some people, unable to go to school, were more educated and more intelligent than college professors. Maya Angelou Mother,  Scho ol,  Ignorance Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught. Oscar Wilde Time,  Nothing,  Remember Ads by Google Church Online Tired of your life? Find hope at Church Online westside-family. churchonline. org Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence. Robert Frost Without,  Anything,  LosingEducation is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. William Butler Yeats Fire,  Lighting,  Filling Develop a passion for learning. If you do, you will never cease to grow. Anthony J. D'Angelo Learning,  Passion,  Grow An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Benjamin Franklin Knowledge,  Best,  Interest In the first place, God made idiots. That was for practice. Then he made school boards. Mark Twain God,  School,  Made The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. Aristotle Sweet,  Bitte r,  Roots Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom.George Washington Carver Freedom,  Door,  Key Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. John Dewey Life,  Itself The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn and change. Carl Rogers Change,  Person,  Learned Education is the best friend. An educated person is respected everywhere. Education beats the beauty and the youth. Chanakya Beauty,  Best,  Friend He who opens a school door, closes a prison. Victor Hugo School,  Door,  Prison I spent three days a week for 10 years educating myself in the public library, and it's better than college.People should educate themselves – you can get a complete education for no money. At the end of 10 years, I had read every book in the library and I'd written a thousand stories. Ray Bradbury Money,  Myself,  End Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. Will Durant Ignorance,  Discov ery The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education. Albert Einstein Learning,  Interferes It is a thousand times better to have common sense without education than to have education without common sense. Robert Green Ingersoll Better,  Without,  SenseA human being is not attaining his full heights until he is educated. Horace Mann Human,  Until,  Full Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army. Edward Everett Better,  Liberty,  Army No one has yet realized the wealth of sympathy, the kindness and generosity hidden in the soul of a child. The effort of every true education should be to unlock that treasure. Emma Goldman Sympathy,  Kindness,  True An educated person is one who has learned that information almost always turns out to be at best incomplete and very often false, misleading, fictitious, mendacious – just dead wrong.Russell Baker Best,  Person,  Learned —————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Share with your Friends Share Everyone likes a good quote – don't forget to share. ————————————————- Popular Authors Abraham Lincoln Albert Einstein Buddha C. S. Lewis Dalai Lama Eleanor Roosevelt Helen Keller John F. 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Hamlet Vs. The Bacchae Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays

Hamlet Vs. The Bacchae Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays Hamlet Vs. The Bacchae Hamlet and The Bacchae have many similarities and differences, in this paper, I will discuss some of them, as well as the questions posed in class. Both of these plays are tragedies, ending with a great number of the featured characters dying, or meeting another terrible fate. First of all, I dont think that Hamlet took place in a godless universe. Of course, the god in Hamlet, vs. the gods in The Bacchae are very different gods. In Hamlet, God affects the decisions the characters make (e.g., Hamlet decides not to kill Claudius while hes praying, because he believes God will forgive Claudius for his sins, and not send him to hell), however he doesnt have a direct role. You have no proof of a god in Hamlet, while in The Bacchae, the gods are the main characters in the play, performing a good percentage of the action. Also, the presence of the ghost means that in the world of Hamlet, there is an afterlife, but since there are not more ghosts in the world, there must be some divine presence, affecting why the ghost is there. Continuing with the issue of the ghost, the presence of the ghost in the play has many implications. First of all, the presence of the ghost may be an attempt to satisfy the religious beliefs of both the Protestants and the Catholics, which both would have been watching the plays during Shakespeares time. The Protestants do not believe in purgatory, so the ghost may be a way to explain the afterlife, without offending either religion. The ghost also creates some confusion with heaven and hell, because if the soul is in a ghost, then it means that it went neither to heaven, nor hell. Yet, throughout the play, the characters often talk of both heaven and hell, and the presence of the ghost doesnt change their belief in any way. Another significant difference between the two plays, is the role of revenge, and how it varies between gods revenge (in the Bacchae) and mans revenge (in Hamlet). Hamlets revenge tended to have logic, and was fairer to those that werent the point of his revenge. However, in The Bacchae, Dionysus shows very little logic, simply punishing on his own whim. In some cases, Dionysus took out his revenge on people that he had no dispute with. He was simply in a bad mood, so his revenge was also taken out on them. Hamlets revenge showed a lot more reason and organization to it, as opposed to Dionysuss, who had no reasons for quite a few of his actions. Another difference between the two plays is the characters reasons for killing. Dionysus obviously kills out of passion, sometimes simply because hes bored, or in a bad mood. Hamlet does have reasons, although there are cases in which Hamlet kills out of passion. When Hamlet kills Polonius, its out of passion. Hes in a hurry to kill Claudius, and in his rage, kills Polonius instead. However, when he actually does kill Claudius at the end, its not really out of pure passion. Its much more a planned, logical murder. In summary, Hamlet and The Bacchae have various similarities and differences, which I hope Ive shown in this paper. Neither Hamlet, nor The Bacchae ends in a pleasant way, which is characteristic of a tragedy. However, the end of Hamlet basically kills off all the main characters, except one, who carries the story on. The Bacchae ends with those whom Dionysus thinks should be punished, are punished. Those who have done him no wrong, are not affected. Both plays end with the idea that the story should be told, either to keep Hamlets memory alive, or to prevent others from going against Dionysus. In Hamlet, when someone dies, theres usually a reason for it, while in The Bacchae, its simply because Dionysus wishes it so.

How to negotiate maternity leave with your employer

How to negotiate maternity leave with your employer Whether you’re pregnant or merely thinking about expanding your family, it’s important to know how to address the issue with your employer. We know it can be tricky to navigate the discussion, so we’ve compiled some tips on how to approach the topic with your boss. Know what kind of leave you’re owedMany companies offer some kind of paid maternity or parental leave (which can include paternity leave or the time to care for a newly adopted child). The length of time can vary, so be sure to check your own company’s policies to see what the baseline is. With paid leave, the company pays for a certain number of weeks off.If your company doesn’t offer paid leave, or you want to take additional time off for parental leave, then you could be covered by the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA). FMLA leave is unpaid, but it ensures that your job will be secure for up to 12 weeks’ absence. This kind of leave can be used flexibly for any f amily purpose- like maternity or paternity leave, or caring for a sick relative.Have a plan in placeBefore you go to your boss, know what you’re planning to do. How many weeks of paid (or unpaid) leave are you expecting to take? Will you have a mix of paid and unpaid leave? When will it start? When do you anticipate being back? Are you seeking a flexible work schedule once you’re back to work?When you’re planning for your leave, know what it is you want. If your company has a flexible policy or if you’re hoping to negotiate terms outside of the stated leave policy, knowing what your options are and what you want to get out of the discussion is key. The more you have figured out up front, the better you’ll be able to present a sensible plan to your boss and negotiate as necessary.As you prep for your meeting with your boss (in person is best, even if you’ll have to file a written parental leave plan later), it can also help to have informatio n and statistics about how parents and children benefit from that initial bonding time, and how self-care improves outcomes for new parents and their babies.Don’t wait too longIt’s better to start talking with your boss about your plans as soon as you feel comfortable disclosing your pregnancy status. You don’t have to announce it to your entire work world just yet, but kicking things off with a confidential discussion with your boss gives you (and your company) the time you’ll need to plan ahead for your leave.Negotiate to get the leave you wantNegotiating leave is pretty similar to negotiating your initial job offer or when you want a raise. Like with any other negotiation, it’s important to approach it with realistic expectations. Sure, in an ideal world you’d have, say, a year off with pay. In reality, most workplaces offer a limited number of weeks, so it’s unlikely you’d be able to negotiate a huge extension of existing p olicy.Instead, make sure your plan balances what you want and need for your family with your company’s expectations. It may be that you can get more time, but at a reduced salary. Or maybe you can create a flexible schedule where you work a different schedule or part-time for a certain period of time. If you’re seeking something above and beyond your company’s stated policy, be ready to compromise and have other options in mind (like unpaid leave beyond a certain point if your employer can’t or won’t extend a certain amount of paid leave).If you give yourself the time to hash this out with your employer and have all the necessary information at your disposal, you’ll be able to come up with a plan that works for you, while keeping your professional life on track. And don’t forget that haggling over these things now might seem stressful, but it can help you get the most out of your parental leave when the time comes.

Mandatory Arrest for Domestic Violence Research Paper

Mandatory Arrest for Domestic Violence - Research Paper Example 644). Hoctor (p. 644) discusses that by the time officers respond to domestic violence calls, they often end up being mediators in the dispute. Such mediation can take on various approaches, including reconciliation attempts by officers for the parties involved or the use of formal resolution programs. Mediating the domestic violence did not assist in resolving these issues; moreover, these incidents have often escalated to more incidents of violence and even deaths. Moreover, these incidents often disturbed the neighborhood peace and violent outbreaks often ended up involving other parties (like neighbors or bystanders attempting to break up the fight). Because of the escalation of these incidents, as well as the public disturbance that these incidents often caused, some territories have implemented mandatory arrests for incidents of domestic violence. ... It shall discuss research evidence in its application; and it shall also present a critical discussion of the merits and the demerits of the program. The suggested policy is based on the guidelines set forth by the Wisconsin Coalition against Domestic Violence. In any case, the suspect must be atleast 17 years of age having a relationship with the victim described as: spouse, former spouse, adult with whom a child was created, and adult with whom the suspect resides or has formerly resided with. The following acts are all grounds for mandatory arrest: intentional infliction of physical pain, physical injury or illness; intentional impairment of physical condition; sexual assault, physical act that may cause a person to fear imminent engagement of the above acts (Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence, p. 1). The arresting officer may also find reasonable grounds to believe that the person committing the act is or has committed domestic abuse; that the person’s actions c onstitute a crime; the officer believes that continued domestic abuse is likely; there is evidence of physical injury on the victim; and the suspect is the main aggressor (Wisconsin Coalition against Domestic Violence, p. 2). This mandatory arrest policy can also apply if the violence is reported to the law enforcement authorities within 28 days from the time the abuse occurred. In this policy, the law enforcement officer must arrest the suspect if he has reasonable grounds to believe that the suspect is committing or has already committed domestic abuse and his actions are considered crimes (Wisconsin Coalition against Domestic Violence, p. 2). The predominant aggressor in this case is the first and the most

Bulding and Constraction Company Research Paper

Bulding and Constraction Company - Research Paper Example Greater detail, analysis and sensitivity are prescribed when quality is the key element of project completion. This means processing controls, implementation and constant appraisal of the project phases to keep on track. Implementing total quality begins with an accurate definition of the project and its critical limitations; then it is followed by estimating task durations and resources in a work breakdown structure. Tracking progress, reporting problems and altering the plan of action, requires the application of several project management tools. If it must be noted, persistence and effort is expected in the commitment of TQM. It is thought that ‘when a plan has not been followed, the plan was a waste in the first place’ (Leavitt et al, 1994). Figure 1 and 2 present the crucial aspects required to achieve quality in project management. The first emphasizes on importance of active participation of different entities or the involvement in acquiring relevant feedback important in improving the project. The second figure shows the role of leadership and organisation culture in the process of change. Globalisation has caused changes in project structures and authority levels, becoming more equalising but requiring a broadened sectoral participation. Thus efficient project management skills are required. With the urgency to be on time and in budget, coordination is repeatedly used through the application of project management tools. It can be said that modern project management is relatively new, as it has been used widely in most sectors in the recent 1990s (Uluocak, 2009). This study applies the varying tools in Total Quality in Project Management, specifically in the second part of the vertical phased project of the Bentall Centre 5. To highlight the technical skill, the work breakdown structure and earned value

Marketing Communication Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Communication Approach - Essay Example There are various communication channels that any organization may use for corresponding with the consumers, investors, suppliers, social activist groups and media groups. These channels range from advertising, trade promotions, consumer promotions, event marketing and sponsorship, personal selling and publicity & public relations. The news release publication is concerned with and falls under the publicity and public relations category of marketing communication strategy. The news releases are issued by an organization whenever it has a worth mentioning news, event, or offer to announce publically that catches or is likely to grasp media’s, investors’ or consumers’ attention. These press or news releases are often open for free access to general public and at times these are characterized by restricted access to particular groups because of sensitive details and to secure confidential information disclosure. At times interested parties are encouraged to pay for these news releases to acquire access to valuable information discovery about an organization, for instance; financial news releases. Microsoft’s Marketing Communication Approach Introduction to Microsoft: Microsoft is a multinational public organization, which was founded in 1974 by Bill Gates, and is headquartered in America. The company operates in IT industry and serves consumers globally. Microsoft’s marketing offers comprise of a wide range of products which falls under the categories of operating systems, hardware devices, software applications, business solutions, developers and IT pro products, and miscellaneous products that comes from diverse orientations. The company’s moves exhibits fierce competition focused vision and strategic agenda for its business activities. It started as an operating system developer for IT industry but now the company has diversified and extended its operations across so many product categories. Recently Microsoft has launc hed mobile operating system as windows phone and has entered into PC vending market to leverage its brand reputation and give tough time to the competition. Marketing Communication Approach: Microsoft’s marketing communication approach, as reflected by the news releases and ads archives at the organization’s official website, is characterized as being overwhelmingly product oriented. The company has published around 28 news releases during the month of July this year; dated from 2nd to 30th July. These news releases primarily feature novel and latest product updates or launches across the various Microsoft product portfolios. These press releases also feature news pertaining to Microsoft’s patents and special agreements with business partners; financial reports and quarterly results of company’s progress; investment and investor news; mergers and acquisitions, acknowledgement and announcement regarding opening of new Microsoft office; Microsoft’s a ccomplishments; and also shares other news concerning internal happenings and affairs at Microsoft. The product featured news releases are preoccupied by updates pertaining to almost all of the products of Microsoft including three news releases about cloud computing technology, one related to consumer products, one about

The Effects Of Speed Humps On Vehicles

The Effects Of Speed Humps On Vehicles Abstract This project will examine the effects of speed humps on vehicles within the United Kingdom. Intensive investigation and reviews will be carried out on traffic calming measures used in the UK and a number of different aspects within the topic such as those currently in use and how improvements can be made to reducing traffic. The report also takes a close look at how speed bumps have affected commuters and its impact on the environment as a whole and businesses around the country. As the number of vehicles on the roads increase faster than new roads that can be constructed, a serious problem has been created that is highly visible in urban and residential areas around the country. This problem is caused by fast driving motorist who do not take care on the road and it occurs on a daily basis. Conceding the fact that there are no single solutions to this problem and no quick fix, it is very important in assessing the success of the project. The understanding of why speed bumps were put in place on the road is a major factor in tackling the issue of speeding. To do this, time was invested in collecting data information from urban roads and residential roads in Islington and Hackney. This was very important as it helped me to provide an insight into how different motorist approach speed bumps and speed cameras, and what speed they approached the bumps and camera at different times of the day throughout the day. Three major problems were identified with speed humps, the first being effectiveness of speed bumps. On residential roads the speed limit is 20mph. Although many motorist were at constant speeds of approximately 20mph, many vehicles had to alter their speed limit whilst travelling over the speed bumps as they are unaware of which bumps are too high of the required speed limit. Drivers, who did not take the precaution of slowing down, would result in them scraping underneath their vehicles. Motorist are unable to identify weather a bump is too high or weather a constant velocity can be applied. The second problem was the damaged caused to vehicles when drivers make the wrong judgement of speed when approaching the speed bumps. Third being modern speed cameras on urban roads. Although they incorporate the latest in detection technology, the system were unable to provide efficient co-ordination of the direction of speeding vehicles. Vehicles speeding from the opposite side of the speed camera still get flashed, even though the motorist is aware that no potential speeding fines would occur as its the opposite side. The result of the review is a concept which imbeds intelligence into the current traffic signalling system. Introduction Speed Bumps (sometimes called a sleeping policeman) are a traffic calming tool designed to slow traffic. A Speed Bump is a bump on a roadway that may be circular, parabolic, or sinusoidal, and it may have gaps near the curb to allow drainage. Speed bumps are widely used across the United Kingdom, and are gradually increasing on the roads year by year. Speed Bump heights range from as little as 50 mm, to as much as 152 mm and they can vary in length from less than 300 mm to as much as 3x103mm. Speed Bumps longer than 3103 mm are usually called speed humps, and they are often used to slow traffic in residential neighbourhoods. Some drivers could say that they prefer to go over these types of traffic calming tool as it is easier on the car. Although Speed Bumps are very effective in keeping vehicle speed down, their use is sometimes controversial as they can cause noise and possibly vehicle damage. Poorly designed Speed Bumps are too tall, too sharp an angle for the expected speed and can be hard to negotiate in vehicles with low ground clearance, such as sports cars, even at very slow speeds. The driver can sometimes hear the Speed Bumps scrap the bottom of the car. Project Aims The aim of this project is to design an effective and efficient speed hump system that can be used in the United Kingdom. The design must be futuristic in its approach and incorporated a wide range of different technologies, both present and those in the development stage. These technologies must not only perform the role of slowing down vehicles but also reducing the effects on vehicles and to those who drive the vehicle. The speed hump design must be able to differentiate between high and low velocity and small and large vehicles i.e. (cars, buses, lorries). The dimensions of the hump must be within the UK regulations. People tend to approach speed-bumps in one of three ways. They remain at their current speed and drive straight through without a care or thought for the cars undercarriage or suspension. They slow down to an appropriate speed and glide over the top. Or they slow down so much they cause drivers behind them to break. A new design will change the way drivers approach speed humps in general. The design must allow drivers who are travelling at the right speed limit to pass over the hump without difficulty but will remind drivers travelling above the limit to slow down by creating the same feeling that they get when passing over a speed-bump but without the usual speed-bump impact. (Jude Garvey, The Bumpfree Dynamic Speedbump gives drivers a smooth ride,2010) The speed hump will be design to reward drivers who are travelling at the correct speed by offering an almost unnoticeable pass. Internal cells within the speed bump will contain non-Newtonian Thixotropic fluids which will instantly react with the speed at which a driver makes contact with the speed-bump immediately reminding them if they are going too fast. for the speed hump to be effective, A double-layer bladder protection will help to ensure a long product life and allow the speed bump to be used in various conditions. if this is not done, the speed hump will not be durable and would need to be replaced regularly. this is not cost effective. The design of the hump is expected to be most useful in environments where speed needs to be kept at a safe level, for example hospitals, school zones, or where vehicles are entering and exiting with precious cargo or people onboard. It can be placed against a piece of shaped bitumen or be in a bolt down form of plastic. Made mostly from recycled rubber, the design will be textured and suited for the environment in which they are placed. (. (Jude Garvey, The Bumpfree Dynamic Speedbump gives drivers a smooth ride,2010) Historical development Traffic humps have been in existence in the UK since the early 1970s, but following criticism of the speed deterrents, lead to a new way of alternatives being developed. There are currently around 50,000 traffic humps on British roads today, which can be said to be a lot. however, there are a lot of vehicles on the road and if they were not there as a deterrent, there would have been a lot more accidents on the road due to drivers who do not follow the rules of the road. The round-top hump can be said to be the most familiar in the hump family. The round-top was developed in the Netherlands and landed on British roads in the early seventies. Still the most common, the round-top hump is between 25mm and 100mm high and up to 3.7m long. (Dave Wilson, 2001 Inflatable rubber policeman gives drivers the hump) To pass over speed bumps without causing any damage to the vehicle or causing discomfort to the driver and passengers, the driver must slow down almost to a complete stop. Speed humps are 76-100 mm high and 3.5 to 6.5 m long, therefore to avoid driver discomfort, the driver slows to a speed of 15-20 mph. Unlike speed bumps, at excessive speeds, the effects of speed humps are increased sometimes to the point of acting like a bump and jolting both the driver and their cargo. This causes discomfort to some drivers and could even lead to the damage of the products which they may have in their vehicle. There is nothing that they can do about it unless they have insurance for the products on board. An example of a type of business that uses a vehicle all the time is removals. When having expensive and precious objects in the car, it is very important that time and care is taken over speed humps and speed bumps. Otherwise it could lead to damages which could affect the business and its reputation. Location The first speed hump in a series should be placed 15-60 meters from a small radius curve or stop signs assuring that vehicles are not approaching at high speeds. If installed on a street with a significant grade line, the first hump in a series should be placed at the top of the grade. Research has shown that speed humps, when designed and installed properly, reduce vehicle speeds to 15-20 mph when travelling over speed humps and 25-30 mph in between properly spaced speed humps. When travelling over a speed hump, the vehicle experiences a gentle rocking motion that increases with speed. This enables the speed humps to be self-enforced because the vehicle occupants will experience discomfort when passing over a hump at higher speeds and a jolting when passing over at excessive speeds. (Duane E. Smith, P.E. Karen L. Giese, 1997, effects of speed humps) Although speed humps have been proven to be effective at reducing speeds, they also come with their own drawbacks. Installed speed humps have actually been removed in response to resident complaints. The major complaints have been aesthetics of having speed humps and the increased noise level at each hump although the net noise change throughout the controlled strip is insignificant. Speed humps are not the best thing to have own ones road. Also if people are not happy, the council have to hear the complaints of the residents. It would not be nice to be living on a road where you can hear cars going over speed humps and scratching the humps as well as their car. It is not aesthetically pleasing when you leave your front door and see scratches on your road. Although they are the most important group, more than just the residents are affected by the installation of speed humps. Other groups such as emergency service providers, street maintenance providers, school districts, transit operators, refuse collection agencies will be affected and should, therefore, be informed and consulted concerning the installation of speed humps. Emergency providers may have casualties in their vehicles and going over the humps may affect the injuries which the casualties have. Especially if they are in life threatening situation, they may need to move as far as possible. CHAPTER 1 REVIEW OF TRAFFIC CALMING The design used in modern speed humps is not as advanced as it should be although it has been around for many years. With not a fair amount of improvement in terms of design a constant review of the system is always required. Speed hump plays it toll with traffic and congestion and the effects are mostly visible at peak time. Traffic congestion has many side-effects and does not just impact on motorist. The impact of growing congestion can be felt by businesses, local councils and mostly the environment. Huge efforts are being made to ease traffic congestion in the United Kingdom and where introducing congestion charges, building new roads and improving the public transport are all viable solutions. Recent studies have shown that the general public prefers to own their own form of transport i.e. car as current public transport systems are unreliable. Building new roads is very costly and is not an option in major cities, and although congestion charges have seen a decrease in the amount of motorist on the roads in central London, traffic jams is still a regular occurrence at peak times. Although forecasted figures shows the road traffic will rise in coming years. My project aims to comprehensively review the current speed humps system in the UK and to develop accordingly, a system that increases efficiency and maximise the flow of traffic as well as reducing impact. My project will also form a comprehensive review of congestion, looking at how traffic builds up at speed humps. Types of speed hump currently used. The flat-topped hump This squarer version became fashionable in 1990 when traffic humps became regulated by the Highways (Road Humps) Regulations Act. Between 25mm and 100mm high and a minimum length of 2.5 m the optimum angle of tapered sides is a gradient of 1 in 4. Thumps Thumps are hard, triangular, thermoplastic strips approximately 37mm high and 900mm wide. Speed cushions Speed cushions are rectangular humps which laid across roads in twos or threes. Cushions are wide enough to slow cars but not buses and emergency vehicles. Rumble strips Not really a traffic calming measure, more a warning to drivers of something ahead. Chicanes Is a single lane sections and road markings represent a more recent attempt to slow down speeding motorists and modify the original traffic hump into a more comfortable disruption. Congestion Traffic and congestion caused by speed hump is a problematic condition on road networks that restricts the flow of traffic to extremely slow speeds. The problem occurs as the volume of vehicles increase to within close proximity of maximum the road network capacity. Traffic condition can be characterise by a number of different factors, namely increase queuing, increase journey time and relatively slow speeds. This problem is a regular occurrence in modern urban cities, where the demand is at its highest. The demand in these areas is such that the interaction between vehicles causes the average speed of traffic to fall noticeably. Figure 1 (UK figures for road traffic)  [i]   Figure 1.2 (Graph showing the trend of car ownership in the UK)  [ii]   The level of traffic congestion in the United Kingdom is considered to be one of the worse in whole of Europe. More worrying is the fact that it continues to get worse year after year. The increase rate of new vehicles on the road is considered to be unsustainable, as the increase rate is faster than the rate of which new road infrastructure can be constructed. The issue is a long term one, the solution to which cannot be seen due to lack of feasible measures to combat or event control the problem. It has already been conceded that it is infeasible to match a roadwork infrastructure program to the unconstrained inclination of current and future traffic growth. Figure 1.3 (Central Forecast Figures Made By the Department Of Transport for the UK)  [iii]   Figure 1.4 (Graph Shows Trend of the Number Vehicles Licensed Each Year in the UK)  [iv]   causes of congestion A major issue in modern times is travel efficiency. Speed humps clearly make travel less efficient. A particular problem is traffic that has diverted to avoid a scheme of humps. Such diversions tend to exacerbate congestion on through routes where there are less likely to be humps. Apart from the rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the road, there are several other factors contributing to the problem. Some of which are can be solved with time, while some are control by financial constraint. Other solutions are not considered to be feasible in terms of the level resources needed as they involve relocating home owners and local businesses. More often than not traffic congestion due to speed bump but propagates from junction and roundabouts. environmental impact Humps cause wider variations in vehicle speeds, with many vehicles slowing to a crawl to negotiate each hump. A natural consequence of a wider variation in speed with more acceleration and more braking is that more fuel will be used. If more fuel is used then more pollution is created. If traffic speeds are reduced journey times will increase and a baseline level of pollution will be delivered for longer periods. The impact on health via polluted air the most common, as vehicles emissions contributes up to 40% of the total amount toxic gases emitted each year. Emitting a wide a variety harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and other bi-products of partial contribution. Humans as well as animals are directly affected by the immediate environment and being exposed to polluted air on a regular basis can lead to short and long term health related illnesses such as lung decease. economical impact Estate agents say there has been a decrease in property value due to speed humps, many potential buyers who notice many speed humps within the neighbourhood are less welling to purchases the property as they feel that speed hump make the neighbourhood unattractive. Different types of businesses are affected in different ways, business that relies on delivery of goods looses out as deliveries arrives late, causes delays in the time products can be process and put out shop floors. Late deliveries increase shift duration adding extra cost to employees wages. A BUS operator says the increasing number of speed humps in the town is costing the firm  £500 a month in repairs. Bosses at the Stagecoach Midland Red depot, say their vehicles are being repeatedly damaged by the humps. Fuel tanks have been knocked off buses, causing diesel to spill across the road, something which the company believes could leave them liable to bills running into thousands of pounds if it were to cause an accident. Engineering staff understand the speed reduction measures installed by Warwickshire County Council need to be taken but feel cameras would be more beneficial. Mick Merriman, engineering manager for the firm, said: The spate of damage from road humps is an on-going cost. Speed cameras would be preferable, certainly as far as our buses are concerned. The humps also cause discomfort to passengers and drivers, who would be pleased to see the end of them. Manager Bill Breen added: Weve written to the county council about this issue and our operations director is in talks with the council. Dec 18 2001 Coventry Evening Telegraph www.coventrytelegraph.net/new Experts have estimated the annual maintenance cost of speed humps to road to be in the region of 1.3 million pounds, the majority of which is related to repair cost and maintenance. There are also indirect costs of speed humps associated with the effectiveness of logistical operations at either ends of the transportation process. These additional costs are estimated to be very significant however they are considered to be intangible variables like additional scheduling costs and journey reliability are very difficult to quantify. Figure 1.5 is a photograph taken by myself, which illustrates a speed hump under different weather condition and vehicle weight. A large quantity of speed humps in the UK are damaged, where one of the major reasons is weather conditions; whenever rain falls on to speed humps creaks that have been created by frequent hard impact on the hump, then get filled with water, as temperature decreases this water then turn into ice, causing the hump become fatigue, ev entually the creak will spread and can cause the hump to completely separate in this case a huge portion of the hump has been worn away, as its internal properties has weaken due to separation vehicles have continuously driven over this weak area and has eventually got to this stage of completely deterioration on one side of the hump. C:UsersPublicPicturesSpeed bumpDSC01888.JPG Figure 1.5 (Picture Shows damaged speed hump due to weather change and vehicle impact.) measures to reduce congestion Tackling congestion is very difficult both in theory and in practice. Theoretical concepts are very difficult to implement as they can sometimes damage public relation which can lead to protests. These concepts sometimes derive from models and computer simulated data and analysis which does not always reflect the unpredictability of the real world situation. Since congestion is judged on cost, ample efforts have been concentrated on reducing the annual cost. Some efforts tackle the problem head on by addressing the main issues where as other aim at charging motorist to balance the annual cost. Congestion charge is one such method that aims to cut congestion by cutting the cost. The cost of which is worth approximately 6 billion pounds per year. A large proportion current and futuristic solution to ease traffic congestion, are aimed directly at reducing the number of vehicles on the roads. The focus of major campaigns has been on persuading motorist to utilise other forms of transport. The difficulty in this is that substitutes to the car are not considered to be feasible as public transport one of the main and only substitute is not very reliable. For this to be seen as a suitable substitute there must be an increase in arrival and departure times for both buses and trains. The service must also be reliable cost effective to customers and operators alike. Two areas that have seen reasonable levels of success and support are cycling for those making short journeys and transferring road freight to the rail. The combined effects of numerous supportive complementary solutions represent the best way forward in the short term and could slow the rise of road traffic y 25% 45%. CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND FINDINGS Traffic Data Gathering Gathering real time data is vital in understanding the flow of vehicles passing over speed humps, on residential road and urban roads. The data will help to understanding and identifying the factors affecting speed humps in more details, such as time of the day and days of the week. Understanding how the speed bump deals with fluctuating weight and speed levels at peak and off-peak times also provide an insight into how efficient the design is. The main reason for conducting investigation in this form is mainly to identify flaws in operation if any. Hump profiles The dimensions of the profiles chosen for evaluation are shown in Table 1. The five hump profiles used in the trials included three profiles not commonly used: a 3.7m long sinusoidal profile, a 5m long round-top profile and an 8m long flat-top with sinusoidal ramps. Two standard profiles were included for comparison: a 3.7m long round-top profile and an 8m long flat-top hump with straight ramps. All the hump profiles were 75 mm high. Fig 2: Profile dimensions Vehicles tested A range of vehicles was used in the trials to assess discomfort, noise and ground borne vibrations. These included five different bicycle types, a small, medium and large car, five different buses, including a low floor bus, three different goods vehicles with steel or air suspension, a fire appliance and three different ambulances. Figure 2.1 Unladen cyclists Figure 2.2 Motorcycles combined results from small, medium and large motor cycles Figure 2.3 Minibus (Optare City Pacer all passengers sitting) Figure 2.4 large single-deck buses (Optare Low Rider Low floor bus) Figure 2.5 Double-deck buses (Optare Spectra) Discussion Analasys Of Resusts For cyclists, motor cyclists and all occupants of cars, buses, goods vehicles and emergency service vehicles, a subjective assessment of discomfort (DR) was made on a scale 0 to 6. A discomfort rating of0 means comfortable, and 6 very uncomfortable. Additionally, for all but cyclists and motor cyclists, an accelerometer was used. For each of the tests, this measured the vertical acceleration experienced by one occupant in every vehicle. Cyclists In promoting an increase in cycling it is important that, as far as possible, cyclists are offered a comfortable ride. Figure 1 shows the average discomfort ratings for unladen cyclists crossing the various hump profiles at 10 mph and 20 mph. similar results were found for laden cyclists (5kg load). It can be seen from Figure 1 that cyclists experienced the most discomfort when crossing the flat-top humps and that the 5m long round-top profile gave the least discomfort. This profile also gave the least discomfort to the car occupants but its use would be likely to result in higher car speeds than with the other hump profiles. For humps of a similar length (3.7m), the sinusoidal hump was more comfortable for the cyclists than the round-top profile. Motor cyclists Stability and comfort are important to motorcyclists, but where motorcyclists report discomfort crossing road humps; this may be due to inappropriate speeds. The tests were made using carefully controlled speeds, judged to be appropriate to the circumstances. Average discomfort ratings (DR) for motorcyclists are shown in Figure 2.2. For motor cyclists, there was less difference in the discomfort experienced between the hump profiles than for the cyclists. However, the 5m round-top hump was clearly the most comfortable and the flat-top humps were the most uncomfortable. Buses The average discomfort rating experienced by passengers sitting in a minibus, a low floor single deck bus and a double-deck bus is shown in Figures 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. These illustrate how a small change in speed can lead to a large increase in discomfort, particularly in minibuses and double-deck buses. There was less variation in the discomfort experienced when crossing the different profiles in the double-deck bus than for other bus types. For all three bus types at speeds of 15 mph or less, passengers generally experienced less discomfort with the round-top and sinusoidal profiles than with the flat-top profiles. At speeds above 15 mph, general levels of discomfort were unacceptable for all the profiles tested. Low floor buses Low floor buses are of particular interest, as it has been claimed that these vehicles are more susceptible to grounding when passing over road humps. In fact, the clearance of low floor buses above the carriageway was found to be very similar to that for other buses. The main problem would seem to occur where there is a greater overhang at the front and/or rear of the vehicle. With the bus used (Optare low-rider) the track trials did not reveal any grounding problems with the 75mm height humps used, although the driver declined to cross the flat-top profiles at 25 mph because of concern about possible damage. As pointed out above, this speed would generally be considered unsuitable in terms of the discomfort likely to be experienced. Noise Light vehicles For the passenger cars tested, the differences in the maximum A-weighted noise levels generated alongside the different profiles were relatively small, and were not likely to be of practical significance. Noise levels when crossing humps generally increased as the speed increased, and tended to be slightly less than that measured on a level surface. For light vehicles, maximum noise levels would not be expected to increase as a result of installing any of the profiles tested. Double deck bus The double deck bus also showed a general increase in the maximum noise level with increasing speed. There were differences, with the sinusoidal profile giving lower noise levels than the non-sinusoidal profiles. The highest noise levels were measured alongside the flat-top (straight ramp) profile. All the profiles gave lower noise levels at typical crossing speeds than measurements taken next to the level surface, where speeds were higher. Large Goods vehicles At typical crossing speeds, the noise levels for goods vehicles tested were highest alongside the flat-top profiles. The noise levels for sinusoidal profiles were slightly lower than their non-sinusoidal equivalents. The 5m long round-top profile was similar to the3.7m round-top profile with respect to noise generation. Large goods vehicles may have either air or steel spring suspension. The maximum noise levels generated along the hump profiles by the 38t articulated tipper vehicle with steel spring suspension were higher than the equivalent vehicle with air suspension. For air suspension vehicles, the unladen state generated higher noise levels than the laden state, for all the profiles tested. For steel spring suspension vehicles, the difference between the laden and unladen states was less distinct: the sinusoidal profiles generated higher noise levels for the laden vehicle, and the 5m round-top profile and the flat-top profiles resulted in higher noise levels for the unladen vehicle Ground-borne vibration Levels of ground-borne vibration generated by light vehicles showed no distinct difference alongside the different profiles. For the double-deck bus, the highest vibration level obtained at typical crossing speeds was for them flat-top (straight ramp) profile. For heavy goods vehicles, the highest mean and maximum ground-borne vibration levels at typical crossing speeds were also at the flat-top (straight ramp) profile. The flat-top (sinusoidal ramps) was slightly less, and the round-top and sinusoidal profiles had significantly lower levels. Higher levels of vibration were noted for the heavy goods vehicles running unladen, than when loaded. C:UsersPublicPictureshumpsHPIM0971.JPG Discussion Analasys Of Resusts The charts bellow are constructed from data celected from speed humps on a residential road, the first of which looks at the link between number vehicles passig over speed hump at speccfic time intervals during the day. The second graph looks at the influence on traffic levels, which shows connection between the number of vehecles and the day of the week. Figure 3 (Pie-Chart, Showing Variation of vehicle passing over speed humps In Relation To Time of Day) From the pie-chart it is evident that there are two periods during the 12 hours traffic levels are high. This is to be expected as peak times in the United Kingdom are between 7 11am, and 3 7pm. These two periods highlight a high level of activity that can be attributed to morning an evening school runs as well as commuters travelling to and from work. Figure 3.1 (Pyramid Chart, Showing Variation Traffic Level In Relation To Day of the Week) From the tables of results and the chart is clear that traffic fluctuate for reasons already stated. There are several other factors affecting the flow of traffic; however these variables cannot equated for in the data collection. Variables such as accidents and special events like football matches can also affect these figures. Road works is another of those variables that cannot be accounted for and can affect the figures. It is unclear of the role played by the weather on the figures as the weather can affect traffic in two different ways. Bad weather causing difficult driving condition can reduce traffic as motorist can decide not to travel if the journey is compulsory. Conversely it can also increase queuing as the average speed falls there by affecting traffic. Commuters cycling to and from work can also be affected prompting the switch from bicycle to car. <